8. Contingency approaches can best be described as a. leadership styles that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations. b. leadership styles appropriate for one situation which may not work in another. c. leadership traits or behaviors that can improve performance in all situations. d. both a &b 9. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Theory focuses on: a. the characteristics of followers as an important element of the situation b. the readiness of the leader c. the characteristics of the leader d. whether the situation is favorable or unfavorable to the leader 10. A leader who shared ideas with followers and facilitates decision making is using Hersey and Blanchard's a, telling style b. selling style c. participating style d. delegating style 11. A Theory X leader believes: a. subordinates enjoy work b. subordinates are lazy and dislike work c. subordinates seck responsibility d. subordinates will exercise creativity and imagination. 12. An important element of systems thinking is to discern circles of causality because: a. managers can guide the system when they understand it conceptually b. problems are solved by breaking down into discrete pieces. c. each piece adds to the success of the whole. d. all a,bc correct. 13. Assumptions are: a. not part of a leader's mental model. b. part of a leader's mental model. c an expression of the organizational mission. d. a personality trait