8) In discussing international agreements, cautious people often say Trust, but verify In considering ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, what is the significance of this need to verify compliance with treaties Treaties actually can be verified by measuring CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and other geophysical data, and by tracking economic activity Treaty verification on CO2 is impossible, because Asian countries can hide their emissions so easily Treaty verification is possible only if every country buys all of their cars from China, because Chinese cars all have CO2 sensors built in Treaty verification on CO2 is impossible, because the CO2 falls out of the air so quickly Treaty verification on CO2 is possible if all countries switch to natural gas, which is easier to track 9) Any large energy system will have unintended consequences that we don't like These negative externalities are equal for fossil fuels and renewables These regressive policies are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables These negative externalities are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables These socialist tendencies are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables These negative externalities are smaller for renewables than for fossil fuels 10) Right now, the price of fossil fuel energy is a little lower in many markets for many uses than the price of nuclear and renewable energy A responsible business person or government knows, however, that Continuing to buy some nuclear or renewable energy for the long run can be economically beneficial because price spikes for oil in the past have been so much larger than for renewables and nuclear, and can be very damaging to a company or country Moving toward zero nuclear and renewables is wise, because cost is what really matters Moving toward zero oil is wise, because businesses and governments are supposed to raise costs so they can charge more Moving rapidly toward zero nuclear and renewables is wise, not only because oil is cheaper, but also because renewables and nuclear have experienced such damaging price spikes Outlawing nuclear and renewables is the only way to get reliable energy 11) Suppose you ignore the benefits of climate change, but you want the economy to generate lots of jobs for people Shifting to renewables, or staying with fossil fuels, is guaranteed to have no influence on employment at all Wisely shifting to renewables is a bad idea it will reduce employment somewhat Wisely switching to renewables is still ok it probably won't impact employment much, and might even help a little Wisely shifting to renewables is a terrible idea it will hugely reduce employment Wisely shifting to renewables is a fantastic idea because it will hugely increase employment 12) Concerning energy subsidies and the world economy Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels are large and expensive, and are made in many ways Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels don't exist, but renewables are greatly subsidized Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels, although significant, are small compared to subsidies for renewables Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels are very small and cheap, and are made only by lowering tax rates Reports from the IEA and FIFA show that soccer balls are spherical rather than prolate because they are overinflated 13) Over the last couple of decades, what is accurate about government funding of research Energy research has received none of it Energy research has received all of it Energy research has received about half of it Energy research has received most of it Energy research has received only a little of it, much less than some other topics such as health 14) How have governments directed the money used for research on energy Mostly to fossil fuels, fission and fusion Mostly to fossil fuels Mostly to wind energy and fracking Mostly to fission, fusion and renewables, with fossil fuels left out Mostly to renewable 15) In considering subsidies to energy systems In the past, no government ever gave subsidies or otherwise helped any energy system, so picking winners by helping one type of energy now is a new thing In the past, governments heavily subsidized renewables and in other ways made decisions to promote renewables, so helping fossil fuels now and in the near future is just making things more even In the past, governments completely ignored energy In the past, governments were careful to make sure that subsidies for renewables and fossil fuels were exactly balanced, so that no energy source was helped above any other energy source In the past, governments made many decisions and provided subsidies that affected energy systems, and at least some of those decisions and subsidies helped promote fossil fuels over renewables

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8) In discussing international agreements, cautious people often say Trust, but verify. In considering ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, what is the significance of

8) In discussing international agreements, cautious people often say "Trust, but verify". In considering ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, what is the significance of this need to verify compliance with treaties?

Treaties actually can be verified by measuring CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and other geophysical data, and by tracking economic activity
Treaty verification on CO2 is impossible, because Asian countries can hide their emissions so easily
Treaty verification is possible only if every country buys all of their cars from China, because Chinese cars all have CO2 sensors built in
Treaty verification on CO2 is impossible, because the CO2 falls out of the air so quickly
Treaty verification on CO2 is possible if all countries switch to natural gas, which is easier to track

9) Any large energy system will have unintended consequences that we don't like.

These negative externalities are equal for fossil fuels and renewables
These regressive policies are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables
These negative externalities are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables
These socialist tendencies are smaller for fossil fuels than for renewables
These negative externalities are smaller for renewables than for fossil fuels

10) Right now, the price of fossil-fuel energy is a little lower in many markets for many uses than the price of nuclear and renewable energy. A responsible business-person or government knows, however, that:

Continuing to buy some nuclear or renewable energy for the long-run can be economically beneficial because price spikes for oil in the past have been so much larger than for renewables and nuclear, and can be very damaging to a company or country
Moving toward zero nuclear and renewables is wise, because cost is what really matters
Moving toward zero oil is wise, because businesses and governments are supposed to raise costs so they can charge more
Moving rapidly toward zero nuclear and renewables is wise, not only because oil is cheaper, but also because renewables and nuclear have experienced such damaging price spikes
Outlawing nuclear and renewables is the only way to get reliable energy.

11) Suppose you ignore the benefits of climate change, but you want the economy to generate lots of jobs for people.

Shifting to renewables, or staying with fossil fuels, is guaranteed to have no influence on employment at all.
Wisely shifting to renewables is a bad idea; it will reduce employment somewhat
Wisely switching to renewables is still ok; it probably won't impact employment much, and might even help a little.
Wisely shifting to renewables is a terrible idea; it will hugely reduce employment
Wisely shifting to renewables is a fantastic idea because it will hugely increase employment

12) Concerning energy subsidies and the world economy:

Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels are large and expensive, and are made in many ways
Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels don't exist, but renewables are greatly subsidized
Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels, although significant, are small compared to subsidies for renewables
Reports from the IEA and IMF show that subsidies for fossil fuels are very small and cheap, and are made only by lowering tax rates
Reports from the IEA and FIFA show that soccer balls are spherical rather than prolate because they are overinflated

13) Over the last couple of decades, what is accurate about government funding of research?

Energy research has received none of it
Energy research has received all of it
Energy research has received about half of it
Energy research has received most of it
Energy research has received only a little of it, much less than some other topics such as health

14) How have governments directed the money used for research on energy?

Mostly to fossil fuels, fission and fusion
Mostly to fossil fuels
Mostly to wind energy and fracking
Mostly to fission, fusion and renewables, with fossil fuels left out
Mostly to renewable

15) In considering subsidies to energy systems:

In the past, no government ever gave subsidies or otherwise helped any energy system, so "picking winners" by helping one type of energy now is a new thing.
In the past, governments heavily subsidized renewables and in other ways made decisions to promote renewables, so helping fossil fuels now and in the near future is just making things more even.
In the past, governments completely ignored energy.
In the past, governments were careful to make sure that subsidies for renewables and fossil fuels were exactly balanced, so that no energy source was helped above any other energy source.
In the past, governments made many decisions and provided subsidies that affected energy systems, and at least some of those decisions and subsidies helped promote fossil fuels over renewables.