8. Which of the following would indicate that a data set is not bell-shaped? a. The range is equal to 5 standard deviations b. The mean of the distribution is far away from the middle of the distribution c. The mean is much smaller than the median. d. There are no outliers e. All of the above would suggest that the data is not bell-shaped 9. The value of a correlation between x and y variables is reported by a researcher to ber = -0.5. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The x-variable explains 25% of the variability in the y-variable. b. The x-variable explains - 25% of the variability in the y-variable. c. The x-variable explains 50% of the variability in the y-variable. d. The x-variable explains -50% of the variability in the y-variable. e. None of the above statements is correct 10. What is the effect of an outlier on the value of a correlation coefficient? a. An outlier will always decrease a correlation coefficient. b. An outlier will always increase a correlation coefficient. c. An outlier might either decrease or increase a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points. d. An outlier will have no effect on a correlation coefficient. 11. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a: a. population parameter b. sample parameter c. sample statistic d. population mean e. None of the above answers is correct. 12. Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic: a. can never be larger than the population parameter b. can never be equal to the population parameter c. can never be zero d. can never be smaller than the population parameter e. None of the above answers is correct. 13. The mean of a sample is: a. always equal to the mean of the population b. always smaller than the mean of the population c. computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1) d. computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items e. None of the above answers is correct.14. Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value, it: a. can never be larger than the mean b. is always larger than the median c. is always larger than the mean d. must have a value of at least two e. None of the above answers is correct 15. Given IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15, the proportion of people with IQ above 130 is: a. 95% b. 68% c. 5% d. 2.5% 16. Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false is: a. Represented by alpha value b. Referred to as Type I error e. Referred to as beta :1. Referred to as Type II error