8:27 PM Thu Nov 9 '0' '9 t 29%ll:lI 5. Do you typically drive the same number of miles each week? Obviously, every week will be a bit different, but do you typically drive to school and your job the same number of times each week? I do typically drive the same number of miles per week. I have a consistent schedule of work and school. School is 36 miles round trip and work is 6 miles roundtrip. | go to school twice a week and work 5 times a week. My average per week is 102 miles. 6. Do you typically drive about the same number of miscellaneous miles each week? Shopping, errands, going out, etc. Again, every week is probably a little different, but can you make an educated estimate of the average number of miles? I do drive the same number of miles per week for miscellaneous errands. I either go out to eat, go to the grocery store, or go shopping a few times a week. My estimate on the average of miles I drive every week is 50 miles. 7. Estimate your annual mileage, and enter it in the table. Don't forget to update my example calculation using your own estimated fuel economy and miles: Insurance ' Fuel Cost ($) Annual Ownership Cost ($) $184x12= $3.25/gallon x 7904mi/35mpg = $733 $184x12= $3.25/gallon x 7904mi/52mpg = $494 $243.37x12 0.1245$/kWh x = $2920.44 7904mi/5.44mi/ kWhr = $180 8:27 PM Thu Nov 9 TABLE 2: Price of Ownership and Driving 8. Are your miles more city or highway driving? This matters for fuel economy. Notice that the EPA estimated mpg is two numbers: city/highway. If you do mostly city driving, use the lower number. If you do a lot of highway driving, your mpg will be higherbut it's extremely unlikely that your mileage will really match the high end of the EPA estimate. Explain how you estimated your fuel economy and fill in the table. | estimated my fuel economy by using the estimated annual miles (152 x 52 = 7,904) and divided it with the combined mpg of 70% highway mpg with 30% city driving mpg since there is mostly highway driving with miscellaneous city driving, especially since it will be unlikely that my mileage will match the high-end of the EPA estimate ifl used just the highway mpg. For example, the Camry LE is driven about 7,904 miles and normally gets around a combined 35 mpg. Then, I multiply that by how much regular gas costs per gallon, which will give the answer to my fuel cost annually for the Camry, which would be $733. The Tesla Model 3 is different since it does not have miles per gallon but rather miles per kilowatt-hour, so the MPG column will not have an answer. The fuel economy would be calculated to nd the miles per kilowatt hour, which is already given as: fuel economy = 272 mi / 50 kWhr = 5.44 mi/kWhr. How much does electricity cost in Arkansas? The U.S. Energy Information Administration collects data on this. Follow the link to the data table and use the current value for residential electricity (because you will be doing most of your charging when you're at home). The residential rate is in cents per kWh, so divide that by 100 to get $IkWh. 12.45 cents per kWh / 100 = 0.1245 $/kWh 9. Now calculate the Fuel Cost for the Tesla and record it in the table above: Fuel economy = 272 mi / 50 kWhr = 5.44 mi/kWhr 12.45 cents per kWh / 100 = 0.1245 $lkWh Fuel cost = ( 0.1245 $/kWh ) x ( 7904 mi / 5.44 mi/kWhr ) = $180 10. Use the Car Edge website to find the estimated maintenance costs for the hybrid Camry and the Model 3. Use your own expected annual mileage as the basis for each vehicle. '9 t 28%1l:iI 8:27 PM Thu Nov 9 . . 28% 12.45 cents pel KVVII / 100 - U. 1245 p/KVVII 9. Now calculate the Fuel Cost for the Tesla and record it in the table above: Fuel economy = 272 mi / 50 kWhr = 5.44 mi/kWhr 12.45 cents per kWh / 100 = 0.1245 $/KWh Fuel cost = ( 0.1245 $/KWh ) x ( 7904 mi / 5.44 mi/kWhr ) = $180 10. Use the Car Edge website to find the estimated maintenance costs for the hybrid Camry and the Model 3. Use your own expected annual mileage as the basis for each vehicle. 11. Complete Table 2 and add up the Annual Cost of Ownership for each vehicle. 12. Let's make one more table, just to see all of our numbers in the same place. Remember to update your Camry LE Annual cost: Camry LE Camry LE Hybrid Tesla Model 3 Total Purchase ($) Annual Cost ($) TABLE 3: Summary 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.8:29 PM Thu Nov 9 CaseStudy03.pdf 13.Which vehicle is the least expensive to own? We know that we have made some estimates to make the calculations easier to perform. For example, we assumed that we could pay cash for a brand new car! How realistic is this? Maybe you could...but I know I sure couldn't! And if we have to finance a vehicle for several years (anywhere from 3 to 6 years is typical for a new-car loanl), we're paying interest. Another oversight? Every year, you will have to pay Personal Property Tax on your vehicle (and this is not part of your registration fees!). The greater the val- ue of the vehicle, the more personal property tax you'll be paying. 14. Do your estimates change the overall outcome of the analysis? Think about having to finance the car on which vehicle would you be paying the highest payment (and the greatest interest)? Assume that you can make the same down payment no matter which car you choose. 15.What will happen to your annual costs over time? We have estimated based on the first year of own- ership. Will insurance premiums increase or decrease? What about gas or electricity prices? How do your maintenance costs change as your vehicle ages? 16.The average length of time a person keeps their brand-new vehicle is between 8 and 9 years. Over this time frame, would the fuel savings of the Tesla offset the greater payments and insurance costs? Justify your answer! 17.Could you calculate this? How could you figure out exactly how long it would take for the overall cost of the Tesla to match the overall cost of the standard Camry? You don't have to perform the calcula tion, but think about and explain how it could be done! Should We Buy Hybrids or EVs? Good question! The point here is not to convince you one way or another, but to help you recognize that the decision can be complicated. Really, really complicated. Why are you (people in general) even considering an electric or hybrid vehicle? Chances are, you are aware of the environmental consequences of burning fossil fuels. One of the most compelling arguments in favor of hybrid and electric cars is their reduced carbon emissions. ?L27%I CaseStudyO3.pdf 10f7 University of Central Arkansas PHYS 1400: Physical Science CASE STUDY 03: Should You Buy an Electric Car? Introduction Have you seen a Tesla or Rivian on the road lately? Chances are you probably have because they aren't that uncommon anymore. You might even know someone who drives one. Have you seen gas prices lately? Of course you haveevery time you need to fill your tank (unless you're driving one of those Teslas). You 've probably complained about the cost! 30 what about hybrid vehicles? Do you get the best of both worlds if you have a hybrid? No matter what you choose to drive. cars are expensive to buy. Cars are also expensive to drive. and it's not just fuel that costs you money. There's insurance. for example. And did you know that Arkansas charges an additional $50.00 registration fee annually for hybrid and electric vehicles? Let's see if we can analyze the actual cost of owning and operating some vehicles and determine whether an electric or hybrid vehicle is a cost-effective choice. Let's also think about consequences. These might be harder to quantify, but that doesn't mean they aren't real. and you might be surprised by some of them. In the end, your choice of vehicle is exactly thatyour choice. But you can always make a more informed decision. The Price of Purchase Step one? Buy a car! Obviously. we can't really buy three brand-new cars to compare. But it's easy enough to research the starting MSRP on three comparable models. Key words: comparable models. We all know that every model has different trim levels, from base to sport to luxury. To keep it simple. let's stick to base models. Although it's not the only one available (google Rivian, for example). the Tesla is the most famous and widely-purchased electric vehicle. So we'll start with that Model 3, and price the base model. What would be a good comparison hybrid vehicle? Well. you can find hybrid sedans from Toyota. Honda, Hyundai, and other manufacturers. However, according to the recent sales data. the Tesla Model 3 and the Toyota Camry were the best-selling mid-size vehicles in 2022. Let's compare the 2023 model year Tesla Model 3 with the Toyota Camry LE and the Camry LE Hybrid. A few years ago, it was unheard of to pay the full MSRP sticker price, but the new car market has been very volatile lately. It's gotten to the point where people are routinely paying more-than sticker price! Let's just use the listed sticker price for each model. Also. it's not completely realistic, but let's not try to calculate the cost of financing the vehicle. Complete Table 1 : 1. Google the starting MSRP prices for each model. 2. Now pay your sales tax! Arkansas requires 6.5% sales tax. so multiply that MSRP price by 0.065 to calculate what you'll owe. 3. Don't forget to register your vehicle! According to the Ark n D m n f Fin n n A mini - tLatjgu. there is a $25.00 fee to register a passenger car weighing between 3001 and 4500 pounds. CASE STUDY 03: Should You Buy An Electric Car? 1 ru run 4 Ann. n...._:_-r n_:-_-_ CaseStudyO3.pdf . Google the starting MSRP prices for each model. 2. Now pay your sales tax! Arkansas requires 6.5% sales tax. so multiply that MSRP price by 0.065 to calculate what you'll owe. 3. Don't forget to register your vehicle! According to the ALKansaiDepadmeochEioanmodAdmiuis; tration, there is a $25.00 fee to register a passenger car weighing between 3001 and 4500 pounds. CASE STUDY 03: Should You Buy An Electric Car? 1 University of Central Arkansas PHYS 1400: Physical Science Add to that the $2.50 validation decal fee and $10.00 title fee. Don't forget to include the $50.00 addi- tional registration fee for the Camry Hybrid and the Model 3! Vehicle Starting Sales Tax ($) Registration (3) Total MSRP (5) Purchase (3) Camry LE $26,420 $26,420x0.065=$1,717 $25 + $2.50 + $10 = $37.50 $28,175 Camry LE Hybrid Tesla Model 3 TABLE 1: Purchase prices Price of Ownership Okay, the car is bought and paid forbut you can't just start driving, can you? You'll need insurance. In- surance rates vary wildly from vendor to vendor, and also depend on your age. assets, driving history. what you ate for breakfast...just kidding. It doesn't matter if you eat PopTarts or protein shakes in the morning, but you'll pay more for being young and if you don't meet certain asset thresholds. It's not fair, but it is what it is. Let's just use average values. 4. Use the lindercom website to get the average values for insuring the vehicles. Don't forget to multiply the monthly rate by 12 to get the yearly cost! Use the same insurance rate for the standard and the hybrid Camry, even though they won't be identical! The latest available model year is 2021 (it's too soon to have average data for the current year!). Add to Table 2. Vehicle maintenance is also part of the cost of ownership, but we can't really estimate how much that will cost until we have a clearer picture of how much wear and tear we are going to inflict on our brand-new cars! The Price of Driving This is going to get complicated, but think about your typical driving habits. If you can make some esti- mates and averages, it will be simpler to calculate how much it costs to drive each vehicle. Let's start with just analyzing your driving habits. 5. Do you typically drive the same number of miles each week? Obviously, every week will be a bit dif- ferent, but do you typically drive to school and your job the same number of times each week? For example, I can say that I drive to campus five times per week with a 9- mile round trip. That's a reliable 45 miles per week. 6. Do you typically drive about the same number of miscellaneous miles each week? Shopping, errands, going out, etc. Again, every week is probably a little different, but can you make an educated estimate of the average number of miles? For example, I drive more miles in a week if I go shopping in Little Flock, but I don't go every week. So on average, I estimate that I drive another 55 miscellaneous miles per week, making an average of 100 miles per week. Maybe you have been driving long enough to have a good idea of how many miles you put on the odome- ter per year. If you've been driving the same car for a few years, and you're the primary driver, then I'll bet you have a pretty good idea of your average annual miles driven. For example, my estimate above would indicate that I drive about 7000 miles per year. CASE STUDY 03: Should You Buy An Electric Car? 2 University of Central Arkansas PHYS 1400: Physical Science Let's organize the information WSWM compare the standard and hybrid Camrys. We'll have to calculate the uel cost 0 the Model 3 separately. Even though it doesn't use CaseStudyO3.pdf CAF' uld You Buy An Electric Car? 2 30f7 University of Central Arkansas PHYS 1400: Physical Science Let's organize the information we've got so far, which is enough to analyze and compare the standard and hybrid Camrys. We'll have to calculate the fuel cost of the Model 3 separately. Even though it doesn't use gasoline, it still requires fuel in the form of electricity, and the batteries will need recharging instead of the gas tank needing to be refilled. 7. Estimate your annual mileage, and enter it in the table. Don't forget to update my example calculation using your own estimated fuel economy and miles: Vehicle Insurance Mainte- MPG Annual Fuel Cost ($) Annual Ownership ($) nance ($) Miles Cost ($) Camry LE $184x12= $160 30 7000 3f; x 12.22:.\" = m $3126 $2208 ' ' Camry LE Hybrid Tesla Model 3 TABLE 2; Price of Ownership and Driving Who knows what gas prices are going to do? To calculate the fuel cost, let's use $3.25 per gallon for reg- ular gasoline. Regardless of whether this number ends up high or low, it will still allow us to make compar- isons. 8. Are your miles more city or highway driving? This matters for fuel economy. Notice that the EPA esti- mated mpg is two numbers: city/highway. If you do mostly city driving, use the lower number. If you do a lot of highway driving, your mpg will be higherbut it's extremely unlikely that your mileage will real- ly match the high end of the EPA estimate. Explain how you estimated your fuel economy and fill in the table. How are we going to make an equivalent calculation for the fully-electric Model 3? Since you never add gasoline, \"miles per gallon" is meaningless! However, we can still figure out how much electrical energy the vehicle uses, and how much that energy will cost us. The base Model 3 has a 50kWh battery pack, and according to Tesla has an EPA range of 272 miles. That means instead of miles per gallon, we'll calculate miles per kilowatt-hour: 272ml ' fuel economy = = 5.44ImlkWhr 50leir How much does electricity cost in Arkansas? The US. Energy Information Administration collects data on this. Follow the link to the data table and use the current value for residential electricity (because you will be doing most of your charging when you're at home). The residential rate is in cents per kWh, so divide that by 100 to get $lkWh. 9. Now calculate the Fuel Cost for the Tesla and record it in the table above: , , 5 annual miles fuel cost = rexideritial >