9. Life cycle costing is a decision making model that considers changes in price and costs over the life cycle of the product. Which is not a characteristic of this model? a. Some products will have high upfront costs that will taper off in later years. b. Initial investment costs associated with the production of the product are not included. c. businesses look at areas where costs can be reduced during the life cycle of the product d. A method for budgeting which may include the use of the net present value method Provide your justification below