A 2 inch diameter, 100 ft long metal pipe carries a refrigerant vapor at 15 F. The pipe is outside and exposed to low to moderate wind speeds. The pipe is bare and has accumulated ice from air moisture.

A - Estimate the thickness of the ice and rate of heat transfer to the refrigerant, if the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of ice is 15 Btu/hr.ft2.R. Research and select an appropriate insulation for this purpose. Estimate the thickness of the insulation to reduce the heat gain by 95%. Carefully analyze the problem and clearly state your method and assumptions.