"A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth." - Thomas Jefferson

In 1783 American colonists, defying incredible odds, had just beaten the United Kingdom, the western hemisphere's preeminent power, in theAmerican War for Independence. (NPS.gov, n.d.) Those thirteen colonies, saddled with a new governmental charter, the Articles of Confederation, sought to chart their own, independent path. (Gilderlehrman, n.d.) As a result, in 1787 disgruntled colonists sent delegates to Philadelphia with the task of revising the dysfunctionalArticles of Confederation. In a radical departure, most delegates opted against amending the existing constitution, and instead, created a new Constitution. (OConnor & Sabato, 2019)

During the four-month Constitutional Convention, the delegates readily agreed upon James Madison's basic premise of a new United States government delineated along three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. That said, most delegates envisioned a strong legislative body and a weak executive office. Real disagreements arose regarding the composition of the legislative body, in particular the election and responsibilities of senators. Slavery proved a vexing issue to which a compromise allowed slaves to be partially counted for Congressional representation. (Maier, 2011)

One of the last arguments of the convention involved the question of whether to include a "Bill of Rights" within the U.S. Constitution. Many delegates did not believe that a Bill of Rights was a necessary component. After the Constitutional Convention and during the Constitution's ratification, James Madison consented to Thomas Jefferson's concerns regarding individual liberty and thus pledged to add additional amendments that would codify an individual's rights within the federal government. During the first session of Congress in 1789, Madison composed a series of Amendments designed to safeguard a citizen's individual liberties from a potentially powerful federal government, which are now collectively known as theBill of Rights. (Maier, 2011)

The debate over the Bill of Rights, among other significant concerns, later split the Founding Fathers into two political camps: the Federalists and Antifederalists. These groups later became this country's first set of political parties, and notably, established a dominant, two-party system.

More information about the Constitutional Convention can be found with theU.S. State Department's Office of the Historian.

Although a living document, the original writing of the U.S. Constitution reflected the political, social, and economic factors particular to late Eighteenth-century America. During the Constitutional Convention, the delegates included and/or excluded content within the Constitution that reflected the historical and/or philosophical concerns from their own perspectives: steeped in the philosophies of theEuropean Enlightenment, formed by memories of a war of independence against Imperial Great Britain, cognizant of the current failures of the current constitution, and alarmed by thepost-independence civil unrest. (Lumens, 2019)

Directions: Using the required,academic readings, and supplemental academic research, please address the following while adhering to theDiscussion Board Rubric:

• Briefly describe the powers the Constitution gives to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• What Article within the Constitution explains how the Constitution can be changed?
• What was the purpose of the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution?
• Select two Articles, Sections, and/or Clauses within the1789 U.S. Constitution.
• You may pick from Articles I-VII and the first ten Amendments.*
• Note: If you pick an Article, you may decide to focus on a particular Section or Clause within the Article. For example: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States."
• Explain in specific detail how historical and/or philosophical influences resulted in the writing of this component of the U.S. Constitution.
• Why did you pick your chosen examples?
• Did the chosen examples ultimately benefit the U.S. government? Why?

*You may pick an example that was proposed during the Constitutional Convention but did not survive the final writing of the U.S. Constitution.