A characteristic of database applications (sometimes referred to as file based) prior to use of commercial database management systems was

a- Data Dependence (Data dependent on the application)

b- Data Independence (Data independent from the application)

Changing the encryption of an Oracle employee data file without having to modify the employee table is what form of independence?

a-Structural data independence

b-Logical data independence

c-Physical Data Independence

A developer updated the code on his application to allow for users to upload photos faster (uploading was already possible but it was slow). This is what type of maintenance?

a- Corrective

b- Adaptive

c- Preventive

d- Perfective