A clinical trial is conducted comparing a new pain reliever for arthritis to a placebo. Participants are randomly assigned to receive the new treatment or a placebo, and the outcome is pain relief within 30 minutes. The data are shown below. Is there a significant difference in the proportions of patients reporting pain relief? Run the test at a 5% level of significance.

Pain Relief No Pain Relief

New Medication 44 76

Placebo 21 99

A clinical trial is planned to compare an experimental medication designed to lower blood pressure to a placebo. Before starting the trial, a pilot study is conducted involving seven participants. The objective of the study is to assess how systolic blood pressure changes over time untreated. Systolic blood pressures are measured at baseline and again 4 weeks later. Is there a statistically significant difference in blood pressures over time? Run the test at a 5% level of significance.

Baseline 120 145 130 160 152

143 126

4 Weeks 122 142 135 158 155

140 130

A hypertension trial is mounted, and 12 participants are randomly assigned to receive either a new medication or a plaebo. Each participant takes the assigned medication and their systolic blood pressure (SBP) is recorded after 6 months on the assigned medication. The data is shown below. Is there a difference in mean SBP between treatments? Run the appropriate test at =0.05.

Placebo New Medication

134 114

143 117

148 121

142 124

150 122

160 128