A collaboration between an automotive company from the US and a technology company from India occurs. Both companies decide to form an alliance to develop and produce electric vehicles $($EVs$)$ for the global market. In this alliance, the automotive company brings its expertise in vehicle design, manufacturing processes, and supply chain management, while the technology company contributes its knowledge and experience in electric powertrain technology, battery systems, and software development. The collaboration aims to leverage the strengths of each partner to create innovative and competitive EVs. Which of the following types of strategic alliance is being described and is best at passing tacit knowledge between partners?

a$.$

Joint ventures

b$.$

Equity strategic alliances

c$.$

Primary cooperative strategic alliances

d$.$

Nonequity strategic alliances