A company may experience a downward demand spiral when 

Select one: 

a. NONE OF THE GIVEN OPTIONS 

b. engaged in a cyclical business and after experiencing an upturn. 

c. spreading capacity costs over a small number of units and setting selling prices even higher to recover those costs. 

d. the production-volume variance is unfavorable each time period during a year. 

e. the use of theoretical capacity as a denominator level has contributed to budgets that project sales to be higher than actually attainable.