A company produces a product that requires 4 standard hours per unit at a standard hourly rate of $20 per hour. If 15,000 units required 61,800 hours at an hourly rate of $19.85 per hour, what is the direct labor (a) rate variance, (b) time variance, and (c) total direct labor cost variance? (d) Is the total direct materials variance favorable or unfavorable? (e) Provide an example of why the results in (d) might occur.

1. Direct labor rate variance:
2. Direct labor time variance:
3. Direct labor cost variance: