A consultant believes that the average amount spent by customers at an online shoe store will be less than the current $100 if shipping costs are increased by 10% (the projected shipping cost increase proposed by their carrier). To test the null hypothesis that the population mean = $100 versus the alternative hypothesis that the population mean < $100, the consultant conducts a study using a large random sample and calculates a test statistic of z = +0.5. The p-value for this test would be

0.05

0.69

0.16

0.31