A cost incurred as a consequences of past irrevocable decision and that, therefore, cannot be avoided, is known as a:

a. opportunity

b. sunk cost

c. differential cost

d. decremental cost

A new machine for the Woodke company costs $100,000 and is expected to last 5 years. Annual maintenance cost will be $5,000, and will reduce other labor costs by $30,000 per year. The company's required rate of return is 8%. what is the NPV at the end of the five years? round up any calculations to the nearest dollar.

a. $117

b. $39.745

c. $119,781

d. cannot be calculated from information provided