A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normal so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40.

(a) What is the percentile rank of a score of 172?

(b) What is the Z score for a test score of 200?

(c) What percentage of scores falls between 100 and 160?

(d) What proportion of respondents should score above 190?

(e) Suppose an individual is in the 67th percentile in this test. What is his or her corresponding recidivism score?