1. A good interpretation or equivalent of the fraction or statistic: health expenditures as % of GDP is

A. health expenditures per capita

B. health expenditures divided by number of people who are sick

C. health expenditures divided by number of people who are healthy

D. a country's ability to pay divided by health expenditures

2.The US health system can be described as

A. relatively small compared to other industrialized countries

B. is 99% controlled by the private sector

C. does not have a lot of uncertainties

D. none of the choices

3.Which of the following is true?

A. Increase in spending for taking care of covid patients was far greater than the foregone spending by patients that cancelled or postponed their health service appointments

B. Increase in spending for taking care of covid patients was lesser than the foregone spending by patients that cancelled or postponed their health service appointments

C.among industrialized countries, health outcomes are the best in the USA since we are the country that spends the most in health care

D.among industrialized countries, health outcomes are the best in the USA even if we are NOT the country that spends the most in health care

E.all of thechoices

4.Which of the following is the best variable we could use as a direct measure of relative success of a health care system?

A.number of hospitals

B.number of doctors

C.number of doctors per capita

D.number of patients per doctor

E.life expectancy

5.How can the factor "willingness to pay" lead to increase in health care expenditures?

A.Increase in willingness to pay causes an increase in demand. If demand is great for certain prescription drugs or procedures, their prices are expected to increase

B.Increase in willingness to pay causes an increase in demand. If demand is great for certain prescription drugs or procedures, their prices are expected to decrease

C.Increase in willingness to pay causes an increase in demand. If demand is great for certain prescription drugs or procedures, their prices are expected to remain the same even without price regulation

D.Increase in willingness to pay causes a decrease in demand. If demand is great for certain prescription drugs or procedures, their prices are expected to increase

E.Increase in willingness to pay causes an increase in demand. If demand decreases for certain prescription drugs or procedures, their prices are expected to increase

6.Aging population

A. is a characteristic of an industrialized country

B. is a characteristic of a poor country

C. will lead to a decrease in health expenditures because they will die soon

D. will lead to an increase in health expenditures because they have more diseases and they are living longer with the chronic diseases that need to be treated regularly

E. a and d

7.Profit motive can lead to increases in health expenditures because

A. insurance companies that have high profit targets will lower premiums collected to meet the targets

B. insurance companies that have high profit targets will increase premiums collected to meet the targets

C. hospitals that have high profit targets will lower prices of services to meet the targets

D. hospitals that have high profit targets may raise prices of services to meet the targets

E. b and d

8.During the recession, hospital earnings decreased because

A. there were more patients coming into the hospitals

B. fewer patients were getting care for elective surgeries as they lose their insurance when they lose their jobs

C. Value of hospital stocks investments increased

D. allof the above