A group of men robbed nine cellphone stores. After one of the robbers was arrested, he confessed and gave the FBI the cellphone numbers of other members of the group, including Timothy Carpenter's number. The FBI wanted this information so that they could obtain cell-tower data from phone companies that would reveal the date, time, and approximate locations of all transmitted calls. Subsequently, a judge granted the FBI's request to obtain cell-tower records under the Stored Communications Act. This statute permits disclosure if the sought-after data are "relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation"-a much lower standard than the "probable cause" requirement of the Fourth Amendment. The cell-tower records revealed Carpenter's whereabouts over a 127-day period, including that he had been near the site of four of the robberies when they occurred. Based on this information, Carpenter was convicted and sentenced to over 116 years in prison. On appeal, he argued that the Fourth Amendment's probable cause standard should apply to disclosures of cell-tower records and that the government's actions constituted an unreasonable search and seizure. The Supreme Court agreed with Carpenter by a narrow 5-4 margin, holding that the government needs a warrant to access these cell-tower records. In this landmark privacy case, the Court expressed concern about the amount of information revealed by these location data, noting that nearly three-quarters of smart phone users report being within five feet of their phones most of the time, with 12% admitting that they even use their phones in the shower. The Court acknowledged that technology has changed expectations of privacy and that new technologies often require review. In which of the following scenarios would the Carpenter case apply? a. The government seeking to obtain email records to determine the precise time an email was sent in connection with a wire fraud. O b. The government seeking to enter a private residence to seize illegal drugs. O c. The government seeking to obtain cell-tower records to determine the precise time a phone call was made in connection with an insider trading investigation. O d. The government seeking to obtain transaction records from a computer in connection with allegations of child pornography. What standard applies to obtaining cell-tower records? O a. The government needs a warrant based on probable cause. O b. The government must prove it has reasonable grounds to believe that the contents are relevant and material to an ongoing investigation. O c. The government must have a reason to believe that these records may have information pertinent to the investigation. O d. The government must obtain a warrant based on reasonable belief. Smith and his accomplices were arrested in connection with a murder. In building the case against Smith, the prosecution sought to use cell-tower records to determine the time and location of calls between the defendants on the night of the crime. Under Carpenter, which of the following is true regarding what the government must do to legally use the cell-tower records: O a. The government must articulate specific facts to show that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the records are relevant and material to the ongoing investigation. O b. The government must get a warrant based on probable cause. O c. The government must prove it has reasonable suspicion that the records will prove the guilt of Smith. O d. The government must prove it has absolute certainty that the records will prove the guilt of Smith