a. Howard, an inventor, obtained a patent for an invention he had developed. His basis in the patent was $56,000 and he sold the patent for $400,000. b. Same facts as a. except the patent is obtained and sold by Howard's employer. c. Franky's, a fast food chain, sold a franchise to a franchisee for $500,000. The basis in the franchise right was $0 because all costs had been expensed. Franky's controls the quality of the products sold; all supplies must be purchased from Franky's and Franky's takes a percentage of the sales each year from the franchisee. d. Sally sells stock to her brother, Ben, for $11,000, its FMV. Her basis in the stock is $15,000. She has held the stock for 3 years as an investment. e. Same facts as in c. Two years later, Ben sells the stock to Joyce, an unrelated party, for $16,000. What is the amount and character of the recognized gain/loss in the following situations?