A Japanese bank introduced the concept of around-the-clock access to cash in the 1960s when it installed the world's first cash-dispensing machine. In 1968, the first networked ATM appeared in Dallas, Texas. Two generations later, there are more than two million "cashpoints", "bancomats", and "holes-in-the-wall" worldwide, including one in Antarctica. Not surprisingly, ATMs have been a magnet for thieves since their inception. In 2009, an international gang of racketeers used a large stash of counterfeit ATM cards to steal $9 million from hundreds of ATMs scattered around the globe in a well-planned and coordinated 30-minute crime sprees. Several high-tech thieves have hacked into the computer networks of banks and modified their ATM software. One such miscreant reprogrammed a network of ATMs to change the denomination of bills recognized by the brainless machines - the ATMs treated $20 bills as if they were $5 bills. High-powered video cameras and miniature electronic devices attached to ATMs have been used to steal personal identification numbers (PINS) from a countless number of unsuspecting bank customers. A variety of low-tech schemes have also been used to rip off banks and their customers via ATMs, including forced withdrawals and post-withdrawal armed robberies. "Ram-raiding" involves using heavy-duty equipment to rip an ATM from its shorings. The ram-raiders then haul the ATM to a remote location and blast it open with explosives. The most common and lowest-tech type of ATM pilfering involves the aptly named tactic of "shoulder-surfing."