A key concern with giving the police powers for increased societal security and order is the potential for such powers to be misused and exploited. Which of the following developments have been instrumental in addressing such concerns and risks: (pick one of the following)

a)All of the answers below.

b)The professionalization of the police based on common standards and codes of practice.

c)Further clarity and redefining of police roles and powers through international human rights instruments articulating important principles relevant to policing.

d)The development of national and international codes of practice, including through the auspices of the United Nations, aimed especially at law enforcement officials.