A large message of $1$ Mbits is transmitted over two hops. The

transmission line in each hop has a bit error rate of BER$={10}^{-6}.$ The

number of bits needed to get $2$ Mbits across the first hop correctly is

approximately:

$($a$)1$ Mbits $($b$)2$ Mbits

$($c$)4$ Mbits $($d$)3$ Mbits

The message is broken up into $20$ equal$-$sized packets that are

transmitted separately. The total number of bits transmitted over the

first hop is then:

$($a$)2\mathrm{.}2$ Mbits $($b$)1\mathrm{.}1$ Mbits $($c$)2$ Mbits $($d$)4$ Mbits

Using circuit switching, how many bits need to be transmitted to

transmit this message over the two hops.

$($a$)6$ Mbits $($b$)2$ Mbits $($c$)1$ Mbits $($d$)3$ Mbits

Using packet switching of $105$ bit packets with a $1000$ bit header, how

many bits need to be transmitted?

$($a$)1\mathrm{.}11$ Mbits $($b$)1$ Mbits $($c$)1\mathrm{.}01$ Mbits $($d$)2\mathrm{.}22$ Mbits