A manufacturer incurs the following costs: $38,000 developing new techniques that will be put in place shortly to cut production costs; $27,000 researching a new process to improv the quality of the standard product and $8,000 on market research into the commercial viability of a new type of product. It is company policy to capitalise costs whenever permitted by IAS 38 Intangible Assets. How much should be charged as research and development expenditure in profit or loss?