A networking equipment company certifies people as competent to install its equipment. The company's CertDev team writes a certification exam to do this. The exam is meant to discriminate highly qualified candidates from poorly qualified candidates. Before making the exam available to real candidates, the CertDev team asks a small group of "beta" candidates to take the exam, where each "beta" candidate is known to be either highly qualified or poorly qualified. The CertDev team then reviews the results and is suspicious that the exam is not a good discriminator. In other words, perhaps highly qualified candidates (on average) score no better than poorly qualified candidates do. It would require considerable effort and expense to change the exam because the entire development process would have to be repeated