A patient visits a clinic. She incurs $10 dollars in travel costs and has a copayment of $20. The clinic's total charge is $60. The clinic spends $9 to bill the insurance company for the visit and uses resources worth $51 to produce the visit. The insurance company pays the clinic $40 and spends $11 to process the claim. Fill in the cost of the visit from the perspective of the patient, the clinic, the insurer, and society.

Patient: Travel ($ ) , Billing ($ ), Production ($ ), Payments ($ ) : Total Cost for Patient: ($ )

Clinic: Travel ($ ), Billing ($ ), Production ($ ), Payments ($ ) : Total Cost for Clinic: ($ )

Insurer: Travel ($ ), Billing ($ ), Production ($ ), Payments ($ ) : Total Cost for Insurer: ($ )

Society: Travel ($ ), Billing ($ ), Production ($ ), Payments ($ ) : Total Cost for Society: ($ )

There are 4 valid perspectives on the cost of this visit. They are all closely linked, but are different. Remember, because clinic receipts are exactly offset by patient and insurer expenditures, these payments do not factor into costs from society's perspective.