A pipe with 20-cm inner diameter and wall thickness e = 5 mm (reinforced concrete) carries water at 20 C and is designed to withstand a total maximum pressure of 2100 kPa. A valve is installed in the pipe at a distance of 400 m from the pipe entrance, and is anchored at both ends ( = 0.25). The flow rate in the pipe is 2,020 L/min. If the initial pressure in the pipe is 880 kPa: a) Determine if the pipe is at risk of failure if the valve is shut in 0.5 seconds. b) Determine if the pipe is at risk of failure if the valve is shut in 2 seconds. c) Discuss a few ways to prevent or reduce water hammer pressure.