a. Policy uncertainty after a political scandal in the White House leads to a fall in consumer condence, reducing household spending. The central bank holds the money supply constant. Interest rate, r Income, output, Y IS b. Policy uncertainty after a political scandal in the White House leads to a fall in consumer condence, reducing household spending. The central bank holds the interest rate constant. Interest rate, r Income, output, Y [S d. Expanded use of online payments reduces the amount of money people want to hold. The central bank holds the money supply constant. Interest rate, r Income, output, Y IS e. Expanded use of online payments reduces the amount of money people want to hold. The central bank holds the interest rate constant. Interest rate, r Income, output, Y IS