A population is composed of N = 5 units whose values of X and Y are the following:

(X1,Y1) = (3.2)

(X2,Y2) = (5.3)

(X3,Y3) = (3.3)

(X4,Y4) = (4.2)

(X5 ,Y5) = (6.5)

(a) Determine the quotient (ratio) R in this population.

(b) For each possible sample of size n = 3, determine the quotient (ratio) r. Calculate then the sampling bias of r. Note: E[r ?R].

(c) We have developed the theoretical approximation of the systematic error: