] A research team is assessing the impact of an evidence-based policing program within a county. One outcome of interest (i.e., dependent variable) is community views of police fairness before and after implementing the program. The average score on a measure of police fairness in all districts within the county is 15 (on a scale of 0-20) with a standard deviation of 1.6. 

Q1: The research team randomly selects one district, called District 9, and observes a score of 12 on the measure of police fairness. Using the information above, calculate the z-score associated with District 9's score