A researcher is conducting a study on the palliative care of patients at a specific facility to determine how their chronic pain symptoms change after entering the palliative care environment. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of a standardized treatment protocol for the patients entering into the palliative care environment. To do this, the researcher is comparing the pain scores of individuals before treatment and after treatment. Set up a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and interpret it at the alpha equals .05 level. Patient Before Treatment After Treatment Value of Differences Ordered Absolute Values of Differences Ranks Sign Rank 1 9 4 5 1 -1 -1 2 10 5 5 2 2 +2 3 7 3 4 3 3 +3 4 8 5 3 4 5 +5 5 6 7 -1 4 5 +5 6 9 5 4 4 5 +5 7 6 4 2 5 8 +8 8 7 3 4 5 8 +8 9 9 4 5 5 8 +8

a. We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in pain scores before and after treatment are not equal because 1 is less than the critical value 6 for a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test with a population of only 9 individuals.

b. We reject H0 in favor of H1, which states the median difference in pain scores before and after treatment are not equal because 1 is greater than the critical value 6 for a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test with a population of only 9 individuals.

c. We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the pain scores before and after treatment are equal because 40 is less than the critical value 6 for a Wilcoxon signed- ranks test with a population of only 9 individuals.

d. We fail to reject H0, which states the median difference in the pain scores before and after treatment are equal because 40 is greater than the critical value 6 for a Wilcoxon signed- ranks test with a population of only 9 individuals