A researcher is interested in determining whether exercise performed at different intensities can curb appetite and hunger in people who are overweight and obese. To assess the effects of the exercise on hunger/appetite, they first have each participant enroll in the study and then randomly perform cycling exercise at either 40% or 60% of the person's heart rate reserve for 40 minutes. At the end of the 40 minutes, they draw the participant's blood to quantify the amount of ghrelin (an appetite-stimulating hormone) circulating in the person's bloodstream. They then have the same person come back a week later and again perform the cycling exercise for 40 minutes, but at the opposing exercise intensity to the first session. Using the Excel and JASP data files provided, please answer the following questions when answering the research question.

1. What is the research question? Why is a paired sample T-Test appropriate to answer this research question?

Research question: Does exercise performed at different intensities curb appetite and hunger in people who are overweight and obese?

A paired sample T-Test is appropriate for this question because only two levels that exist for the independent variable (experiment and control condition), the participants are tested repeatedly under both levels and the dependent variable is a ratio level of measurement.

1. Provide a statistical, symbolic, and substantive hypothesis for the research study.

Statistical:

A significant mean difference will exist in post-measurement of hunger/appetite (ghrelin level) between cycling at 40% of the person's heart rate reserve for 40 minutes and at 60% of the person's heart rate reserve for 40 minutes.

Symbolic: Ho m exercise m control

Substantive:

Post-measurement of the hunger/appetite (ghrelin level) will be higher after cycling at 60% of the person's heart rate reserve for 40 minutes compared to cycling at 40% of the person's heart rate reserve for 40 minutes

1. Choose the a priori alpha level and designate whether the test should be 1-tailed or 2-tailed.

I choose the a priori alpha level to be 0.05 (5%) and you split the significance level in between both tails of the distribution.

Using a 2-tailed test allows you to be able to see the positive and negative effect while a 1-tailed only allows you to see the effect in the direction you choose.

1. List and operationally define the variables. Which variable is independent? Which variable is dependent? How many levels does the independent variable have and what are they?

Dependent = the amount of ghrelin circulating in the person's blood stream b. Independent = the percentage of intensity during the exercise i. Levels = 2 1. 40% 2. 60%

1. What are the levels of measurement for the variables?

Dependent variables = Ratio level of measurement

Independent variables = Ordinal level of measurement

1. Compute an a priori power analysis with G*Power.
2. Compute d, the mean of d,deviance from d, sum of squares, variance, and standard deviation for dwith the dataset (in Excel and JASP).

Difference = -691

Mean of difference = -20.32

Deviance from difference = 0

Sum of squares = 2099.441

Variance = 63.619

SD for difference = 7.976

1. How to create a histogram for the dependent variable. Does the data have any outliers or extreme values?

The data does not have any outliers or extreme values.

Question: Create a histogram for Dependent Variable

Thank You.