A researcher ran a survey and discovered that the more pro-life videos someone watched, the more they oppose abortion. Assess whether the researcher can claim causality. What is the "treatment" in this case? What type of research design is employed? ,

Note that our cross-sectional design data slide employs average values of electoral turnout and unemployment. What is the advantage, if any, in using averages rather than, say, electoral turnout and unemployment for a particular year in our sample of countries?

Describe the concept of "as-if" randomness in natural experiments. Why is "as-if" randomness so important