A study of union sentiment among southern nonunion textile workers by Joseph McDonald and Donald Clelland (1984) explored reasons for pro-union sentiments. The measures used were union sentiment (a higher score is more pro-union), activism (willingness to support strikes), deference (submissive to authority), mill size, type of ownership (coded 1, if absentee, 2, if local), years in mill (seniority), skill level ( a higher score equals more skilled), wage level (hourly wages), age, and gender (coded 1 if male, 2 if female).

1. What is the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable(s)?
2. What would be a research question based on the McDonald and Clelland (1984) study?
3. What would be a hypothesis using one independent variable and the dependent variable?
4. What would the model be using three independent variables and the only dependent variable? Briefly explain how each independent variable influence the outcome.