A study was conducted to determine the impact of study method on academic performance. Twenty college students were randomly assigned to one of two groups who were categorized according to two different study methods: one that included textbook reading and another that did not. At the end of the study period, the academic performance of students in the two groups was compared according to the average of 5 different assessments (= Average score).

1. What type of design was employed in this study (between- or within-subjects)? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using either design.

2. Identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) in this study and their respective operationalizations.