A very large number (N+1) polaroids are arranged in a sandwich. The transmission axis of each polaroid is at a constant angle ? with respect to its predecessor. Thus the last Polaroid is at an angle Theta=N? from the first. A plane polarized light of irradiance I0 is incident on the first polaroid which has a transmission axis parallel to the plane of polarization of the light.

Determine the output irradiance from the sandwich.