There are standard precautions a skydive operator can take – such as using more modern equipment, hiring experienced instructors, and taking extra care in packing the parachutes – to reduce this risk. The cost of running a skydiving business is $150 per customer without these precautions; these precautions cost an additional $100 per customer, and reduce the probability of injury from 1 in 100 to 1 in 300. The average skydiving injury does $30,000 worth of harm to the customer.

There are five potential customers, each with one opportunity to skydive; the joy each one would get from skydiving is worth $500, $400, $300, $200, and $100, respectively. (That is, the most enthusiastic customer would get a benefit of $500, the second-most-enthusiastic $400, and so on.)

(a) What is the efficient level of precaution for skydive operators to take (high or low)?

(b) Given this precaution level, what is the efficient level of activity? (That is, how many customers are there for whom the benefits of skydiving outweigh the total costs?)

Suppose there is perfect competition in the skydiving industry – there are many skydive operators, with identical costs, so the price of skydiving is driven down to marginal cost plus expected liability payments (if any).

For parts (c)-(f), assume that customers correctly perceive and consider the risk of injury when deciding whether to skydive, and can observe the level of precaution taken by each skydive operator.

(c) Under a rule of no liability, what level of precaution will operators take? Why?

(d) Under perfect competition (assumed throughout this problem), what will be the price of skydiving?

(e) What will customers perceive as the total cost of skydiving? How many customers will choose to skydive?

(f) Are precaution and activity higher, lower, or equal to the efficient levels?

For parts (g)-(j), assume instead that customers are unaware of the risk of injury, and completely ignore it when deciding whether or not to skydive – they simply weigh the financial price against the benefit. Continue to assume the skydiving industry is perfectly competitive.

(g) Under a rule of strict liability, what level of precaution will operators take? What will be the price of skydiving? How many customers will choose to skydive?

(h) Under a rule of simple negligence (where anything less than the efficient level of precaution is considered negligent), what level of precaution will operators take? What will be the price of skydiving? How many customers will choose to skydive?

(i) Under a rule of no liability, what level of precaution will operators take? What will be the price of skydiving? How many customers will choose to skydive?

(j) Which of these rules is the most efficient?