a. When the surface of the saline solution in the IV system is 1.15 m above the patient's vein, calculate the gauge pressure, in pascals, in the solution as it enters the needle. For this first calculation, assume the fluid is approximately at rest.

P = ? Pa

b. The actual volume flow rate of the saline solution through the IV system is determined by its passage through the needle. Find the volume flow rate, in cubic centimeters per second, when the saline solution surface is 1.15 m above the patient's vein.

Q = ? cm³/s

c. If the saline solution bag is lowered sufficiently, the surface of the solution can reach a height at which the flow will stop, and reverse direction at even lesser heights. Calculate that height, in centimeters.

h_r = ? cm