a)Based on the abstract, what is the background of this research?

b)Identify TWO (2) problem statements of this research from the abstract.

c)Formulate THREE {3) research objectives from the identified problem statements.

d)Construct THREE (3) research questions based on the problem statement and research objective

e)Explain THREE (3) suitable methods to achieve the formulated objectives.

"Abstract - Researchers and designers proposed "diejtal Eraphic novels" (OGN) because reading a graphic novel from physical book is not a popular choice anymore due to the absence of interactivity, user control and rich multimedia support. It hewever opeas up debates on whether such graphic narratives is usable as well as effective for transferring knowledge. Researchers in Human-Computer Interaction field argue that this kind of media enables the absorbtion of previous knowledge in the story presented and can sucfest new knowledge to the user, However, not designing DGN based on a solid model will continue to bring prejudice for this media. This paper focuses specificaly on coenitive processes of constructing a conceptual DGN model of an explanatory type. Utilising action research cycle, Figaud's unsupervised framework of DCN, Kane's educational graphic narrative model, Hughes's dual pathways model, and Cohn's visual graphics narrative model were examined and analysed to extract variables that can explain DGN semantics. The analysis revealed that the unsupervised framework can be extracted to improve newer model. We thus enhance Kane's educational graphic narrative medel in order to translate the knowledge into a target system. Expert evaluation was carried out on the enhanced model. The evaluation results provide positive insights specifically on idealising assumption and viability of the model. ... The model contains rational attributes to be used as a foundation for DGN design and development. - Why do we need this model? Since graphic novels [have) inspired generations of readers (Smetana, Odelsan, Hums, \& Grisham, 2009; Downey, 2009), this model can help other designers and stakeholders to produce strategies and guidelines for DGN developanent and also produce heuristics for DGN evaluation. ... The study was conducted as per five phases of action research cycle [Critical social theory) namely diagnosing action plannine action taking, evaluation, and specifying learning [1]. - Rigaud, Guerin, Karatzas, Burle, and Oger (2015) proposed an unsupervised framework of DGN." REFERENCES