ABC Aero's Engineering department does a variety of engineering tasks for both internal and external customers. These vary from simple change orders from the ABC aircraft production line to new component design work. The department is organized into 4 functional working groups: Design, Analysis, Systems Engineering (SE), and Validation, Verification and Testing (VVT), plus a management group. Their functions are defined below. A group of managers gets the internal and external work from a variety of customers. These work packages are assigned a rating from 1 to 5 based on the complexity of the job, and basic contract deliverables are defined. This process takes about 3 working days per rating "point," i.e. work with a rating of 1 typically takes 3 days, 2's take 6, etc. The jobs are then sent to the Systems Engineering department. Managers also receive jobs that are finished (have cleared VVT): they are logged, a report is written, and the results presented to the customers. This completion process takes about 5 days per point of complexity of the job. The jobs tend to show up in clumps, and the managers are often busy with other tasks (they only spend about 40% of their time on