Abel was President of Speed, Inc. One day, he told his friend Fred that Speed had developed an auto that could get $100$ miles per gallon. This information had not been released to the public. That night, Fred told his wife, Patty, that he had read in the New York Ties that Speed had developed a $100$MPG engine. Patty went ahead and bought the stock. Fred did not buy any stock.

Later that week, Fred told his lover, Bertha, that the President of Speed had told him about the new car that would get $100$ miles per gallon, and urged her to buy the stock. Bertha purchased stock.

Two weeks later, the news of the $100$ MPG car was announced, and the stock price quickly tripled.

Required: Using the tipper$/$tippee theory, evaluate whether each of Abel, Fred, Patty and Bertha committed insider trading.