Abstract This report is the second part of a previous study that calculated the heating load and energy requirements of a commercial building in Jordan. In this part, the total heating load based on flux, radiation throughout the year and internal gains was calculated which was then followed by a comprehensive retrofitting process for the building which yielded a 29.8% reduction in energy consumption and 1668 JOD cost reduction. After enhancements to the total energy demands of the building, the piping and ducting systems were designed with suitable pumps and fans selected for the application accounting for best performance and desirable features like acoustic, durability, flexibility in performance and efficiency. Introduction To start this project, a summary of the most important result from the previous study were summarized and put together in (Table 1) which refer to the zones showed in (Figure 1). In it you will find the total heating load and annual heating value for the main zones along with the energy cost and emission rate that results from this energy consumption. 9.4. 7.38. 5.10. 4.12. -11.2. 3.98 A3 A4 3.13 2.59 A5 B1 416 4.95 A6 B2 3.29 S 2.06 A8 4.11 11.52 A2 -5.23. A7 6.67. 10.1. -7.32. 1.91 3.02. 4.9 -8.9. FIGURE 1: BUILDING SCHEMATIC OF THE MAIN ZONES Note that zones A1, A2, A3, A4, and A8 are the outer zones on the perimeter of the building which contribute the entirety of the heating/cooling load. Other zones are treated as outside zones with conditions similar to the outside conditions due to the nature of usage for them. More details will be provided in the analysis section. -7.2. A1 TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF THE HEATING LOAD AND ITS RELATED DATA FROM THE PREVIOUS STUDY Annual NOX Zone Heating Load (kW) Annual Heating Value (kWh) Annual Heating Cost (JOD) Annual CO2 Emission (kg) Emission (kg) A1 19.818 34800.104 411.064 1324.282 17.430 A2 3.542 6219.675 73.467 236.683 3.115 A3 1.756 3083.720 36.4253 117.347 1.544 A4 1.863 3270.957 38.637 124.472 1.638 A8 0.870 1527.195 18.039 58.115 0.764 Sum 27.849 48901.651 577.633 1860.902 24.493 These pieces of data will be helpful in the retrofitting process to compare to and summarize the percentage of enhancements of each parameter after changes have been made to the building envelop. Part One: Cooling Load Calculations Codes and Methods Cooling load has a more complex analysis due to higher fluctuation in the outside conditions during cooling periods which does not occur in winter during heating periods. Additionally, cooling load depends on radiation and internal gains from within which cannot be neglected unlike the heating load analysis. The cooling load is always assumed under clear sky conditions which means maximum radiation and full occupancy. The most common method of analyzing cooling loads is the CLTD method which is in the middle between complexity and simple rules of thumb, giving accurate results and simplifying the analysis while still considering small details and relying on accurate big banks of previous data. Data for all cooling load calculation parameters were prepared by the ASHRAE and tabulated into organized handbook which are referenced and used in this report (American Society of Heating, Refrigiration and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2001). Using the parameters that will be shown in the next section, the cooling load from all external and internal sources can be calculated with good accuracy. Note that all parameters depend on the geographical location, orientation, occupancy pattern of the building and internal gain sources like machines and lights. Theory Sensible Heat Transfer Through Surfaces Similar to the heating load, the cooling load can be calculated using a heat flux equation with one difference which is replacing the chosen design temperature with a parameter called the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference. This parameter eliminates the inaccuracies that result from fluctuation and gives accurate results because it is based on previous statistical data for the location and orientation: Q' = U.A.CLTD (eq. 1) CLTD values can be obtained from ASHRAE handbooks. The suitable CLTD data from those references was obtained and is shown in (Table 2). TABLE 2: CLTD VALUES FOR NORTHERN LATITUDES OBTAINED FROM THE ASHREA HANDBOOKS. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual Faye C. McQuiston Jeffrey D. Spitler ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Engineers Latitude 36 Wall CLTD Tables Table 8.3A Wall Wall No. 1 Types 1 to 6 Solar Time, h 18 Facing 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 19 20 21 22 23 24 N 1 0 -1 -2-3-1 7 12 12 30 27 17 11 7 5 3 NE 1 -2 -31 23 41 48 19 14 10 7 5 3 E 1 -1 -2-31 26 5 3 SE 1 0 -1 -2 -3-1 13 $ 1 0 -1 -2-3-3 0 53 SW 2 0 -1 -2 -2-2 0 53 W 2 1 -1-2-2-0 6 3 NW 2 0 -1 -2 -2-2 0 OOON 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 21 25 28 29 29 28 46 38 30 62 59 28 48 36 52 45 28 24 20 14 10 31 44 55 28 24 9 18 29 39 45 31 25 8 13 17 23 36 61 67 67 59 8 13 17 21 27 59 73 81 78 60 9 8 13 17 21 25 40 53 63 65 54 14 8 5 Cooling Load From Radiation Radiation adds a considerable amount to the cooling load especially for buildings with orientations that are exposed to high amounts of radiation for long periods of time. Radiation heat rate for transparent surfaces is calculated from the following equation: Q' = Ashaded * SHGFmax * SCCLF (eq. 2) where: SHGF: solar heat gain factor (depends on location and orientation) SC: shading coeffecient (depeneds on the material and shading of glass) CLF: cooling load factor (depends on solar conditions) Values for the different coefficients in equation 2 can also be obtained from ASHRAE handbooks and the references for them are shown in tables 3, 4, and 5. 2445 49 4 4 4 239329 14 64 52 4 18 28 31 35 7 50 2 20 29 36 55855 47 42 29 &22855 30 31 32 2222226 46 29 28 24 30 30 40 8858555 2633333=8 19 14 10 43 20 14 10 9999333 31 13. 15 877000 Abstract This report is the second part of a previous study that calculated the heating load and energy requirements of a commercial building in Jordan. In this part, the total heating load based on flux, radiation throughout the year and internal gains was calculated which was then followed by a comprehensive retrofitting process for the building which yielded a 29.8% reduction in energy consumption and 1668 JOD cost reduction. After enhancements to the total energy demands of the building, the piping and ducting systems were designed with suitable pumps and fans selected for the application accounting for best performance and desirable features like acoustic, durability, flexibility in performance and efficiency. Introduction To start this project, a summary of the most important result from the previous study were summarized and put together in (Table 1) which refer to the zones showed in (Figure 1). In it you will find the total heating load and annual heating value for the main zones along with the energy cost and emission rate that results from this energy consumption. 9.4. 7.38. 5.10. 4.12. -11.2. 3.98 A3 A4 3.13 2.59 A5 B1 416 4.95 A6 B2 3.29 S 2.06 A8 4.11 11.52 A2 -5.23. A7 6.67. 10.1. -7.32. 1.91 3.02. 4.9 -8.9. FIGURE 1: BUILDING SCHEMATIC OF THE MAIN ZONES Note that zones A1, A2, A3, A4, and A8 are the outer zones on the perimeter of the building which contribute the entirety of the heating/cooling load. Other zones are treated as outside zones with conditions similar to the outside conditions due to the nature of usage for them. More details will be provided in the analysis section. -7.2. A1 TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF THE HEATING LOAD AND ITS RELATED DATA FROM THE PREVIOUS STUDY Annual NOX Zone Heating Load (kW) Annual Heating Value (kWh) Annual Heating Cost (JOD) Annual CO2 Emission (kg) Emission (kg) A1 19.818 34800.104 411.064 1324.282 17.430 A2 3.542 6219.675 73.467 236.683 3.115 A3 1.756 3083.720 36.4253 117.347 1.544 A4 1.863 3270.957 38.637 124.472 1.638 A8 0.870 1527.195 18.039 58.115 0.764 Sum 27.849 48901.651 577.633 1860.902 24.493 These pieces of data will be helpful in the retrofitting process to compare to and summarize the percentage of enhancements of each parameter after changes have been made to the building envelop. Part One: Cooling Load Calculations Codes and Methods Cooling load has a more complex analysis due to higher fluctuation in the outside conditions during cooling periods which does not occur in winter during heating periods. Additionally, cooling load depends on radiation and internal gains from within which cannot be neglected unlike the heating load analysis. The cooling load is always assumed under clear sky conditions which means maximum radiation and full occupancy. The most common method of analyzing cooling loads is the CLTD method which is in the middle between complexity and simple rules of thumb, giving accurate results and simplifying the analysis while still considering small details and relying on accurate big banks of previous data. Data for all cooling load calculation parameters were prepared by the ASHRAE and tabulated into organized handbook which are referenced and used in this report (American Society of Heating, Refrigiration and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2001). Using the parameters that will be shown in the next section, the cooling load from all external and internal sources can be calculated with good accuracy. Note that all parameters depend on the geographical location, orientation, occupancy pattern of the building and internal gain sources like machines and lights. Theory Sensible Heat Transfer Through Surfaces Similar to the heating load, the cooling load can be calculated using a heat flux equation with one difference which is replacing the chosen design temperature with a parameter called the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference. This parameter eliminates the inaccuracies that result from fluctuation and gives accurate results because it is based on previous statistical data for the location and orientation: Q' = U.A.CLTD (eq. 1) CLTD values can be obtained from ASHRAE handbooks. The suitable CLTD data from those references was obtained and is shown in (Table 2). TABLE 2: CLTD VALUES FOR NORTHERN LATITUDES OBTAINED FROM THE ASHREA HANDBOOKS. Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual Faye C. McQuiston Jeffrey D. Spitler ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Engineers Latitude 36 Wall CLTD Tables Table 8.3A Wall Wall No. 1 Types 1 to 6 Solar Time, h 18 Facing 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 19 20 21 22 23 24 N 1 0 -1 -2-3-1 7 12 12 30 27 17 11 7 5 3 NE 1 -2 -31 23 41 48 19 14 10 7 5 3 E 1 -1 -2-31 26 5 3 SE 1 0 -1 -2 -3-1 13 $ 1 0 -1 -2-3-3 0 53 SW 2 0 -1 -2 -2-2 0 53 W 2 1 -1-2-2-0 6 3 NW 2 0 -1 -2 -2-2 0 OOON 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 21 25 28 29 29 28 46 38 30 62 59 28 48 36 52 45 28 24 20 14 10 31 44 55 28 24 9 18 29 39 45 31 25 8 13 17 23 36 61 67 67 59 8 13 17 21 27 59 73 81 78 60 9 8 13 17 21 25 40 53 63 65 54 14 8 5 Cooling Load From Radiation Radiation adds a considerable amount to the cooling load especially for buildings with orientations that are exposed to high amounts of radiation for long periods of time. Radiation heat rate for transparent surfaces is calculated from the following equation: Q' = Ashaded * SHGFmax * SCCLF (eq. 2) where: SHGF: solar heat gain factor (depends on location and orientation) SC: shading coeffecient (depeneds on the material and shading of glass) CLF: cooling load factor (depends on solar conditions) Values for the different coefficients in equation 2 can also be obtained from ASHRAE handbooks and the references for them are shown in tables 3, 4, and 5. 2445 49 4 4 4 239329 14 64 52 4 18 28 31 35 7 50 2 20 29 36 55855 47 42 29 &22855 30 31 32 2222226 46 29 28 24 30 30 40 8858555 2633333=8 19 14 10 43 20 14 10 9999333 31 13. 15 877000