According to management scholar Henry Mintzberg, none of the following are true of all managers except:

a$.$

They tend to work long hours at a slow pace.

b$.$

They have work that is characterized by fragmentation, brevity, and variety.

c$.$

Part of their performance measures deal with how they treat their subordinates.

d$.$

They work shorter hours and rely on written communication rather than verbal.

e$.$

They work longer hours and rely on verbal communication rather than written.

f$.$

They have work that is routine but fragmented and often deals with high$-$level concerns.