According to the "arousal: cost-reward" model of helping (Piliavin and Piliavin, 1972), the type of response that an onlooker will have to someone's need for help will be influenced by the onlooker's assessment of the costs and benefits associated with intervention. (That is, the cost to the helper for helping versus the benefit to the victim from being helped). The model predicts that if there is a low cost of intervention and a high benefit, then the onlooker is likely to offer: a. Direct help b. Indirect help c. No help d. Conditional help