According to the article below, a number of AS and AD factors are currently affecting prices and economic growth and employment in China. Use macroeconomics concepts to explain at least four of these factors. [Note: you can choose all AD factors, all AS factors, or a combination of the two. China Slips Into Deation in Warning Sign for World Economy The lifting of Covid-19 pandemic curbs has been followed by an unusual bout of falling consumer prices instead of a surge.

HONG KONGChina's consumer prices tipped into deationary territory in July for the rst time in two years, as a deepening economic malaise in the world's second-largest economy enters a potentially dangerous new phase.

The data released Wednesday adds to a darkening picture for China, where the economic recovery has been losing momentum because of a host of problems. A drop in exports is accelerating, youth unemployment has hit record highs and the housing market is mired in a protracted downturn.

Now, the country is suering an unusual bout of falling prices on a range of goods, from commodities such as steel and coal to daily essentials and consumer products such as vegetables and home appliances. It is the opposite of what happened in most of the rest of the world when Covid-19 restrictions eased, with many countries still trying to tame ination.

Chinese consumer prices fell 0.3% in July compared with a year earlier. This could be transitory, however. Stripping out volatile food and energy prices, so-called core ination rose to 0.8% in July, the highest level since January, from 0.4% in June.

The danger is that if the expectation of falling prices becomes entrenched, it could further sap demand, exacerbate debt burdens and even lock the economy into a trap that will be hard to escape using the stimulus measures Chinese policy makers have traditionally turned to.

Deation is particularly risky for countries with high debt burdens such as China, since it will add to debt servicing costs for borrowers and likely prompt them to spend and invest less.

China's total debt reached nearly three times the size of its gross domestic product in 2022, higher than that in the U.S., according to the Bank for International Settlements.

"The reality looks increasingly grim," said Eswar Prasad, a Cornell University economist who once headed the International Monetary Fund's China division. "The government's approach of downplaying the risks of deation and stalling growth could backre and make it even harder to pull the economy out of its downward spiral."

For now, Chinese policy makers say they are sanguine about falling prices, dismissing suggestions that deation is here to stay.

Dong Lijuan, a statistician at China's National Bureau of Statistics, on Wednesday said consumer prices will likely rebound gradually later this year as the high base eect begins to fade.

China's predicament stands in contrast to those of the U.S. and other Western countries, where soaring ination prompted central banks, including the Federal Reserve, to raise interest rates in an eort to cool growth without triggering a recession.

In the U.S., consumer prices rose 3% in June compared with a year earlier, the slowest pace of increase in more than two years, while annual ination in the European Union stood at 6.4%, easing from 7.1% in May.

Falling prices in China may help ease inationary pressure elsewhere around the globe, as Chinese exports become cheaper. They also pose a risk: a ood of low-price Chinese-made goods could hurt foreign competitors and lead to job losses in developed countries.

For China, the absence of ination reects an imbalance in the economy characterized by ample supply and dormant domestic demand, which economists say is partly the result of Beijing's paltry social security support for households.

Wang Lei, who works at a videogaming company in Beijing, said his and his wife's overall expenditures have fallen compared with last year's. Seeing colleagues and friends get laid o spooked him into reining in any unnecessary expenditures, apart from renovating an apartment that he purchased two years ago.

"It's better to save more and be cautious now," said 40-year-old Wang. "The economic outlook is not certain."

China's central bank has trimmed interest rates several times this year, but scal and monetary policy makers haven't launched any larger-scale stimulus measures, in part because of constraints such as elevated debt levels.

Prices charged at the factory gate, which have been contracting on a year-over-year basis since last October, fell 4.4% in July from a year earlier, narrowing from June's 5.4% decline, according to data published by China's National Bureau of Statistics on Wednesday.

But it was the consumer-price reading, which has remained positive even as producer prices turned negative, that marked the bigger shift.

After atlining in June, last month's 0.3% decrease in consumer prices represents the rst negative print since February 2021, when the reading was thrown o by year-over-year comparisons to the early days of the pandemic when supply chains and food prices were in disarray.

Apart from a single month in the rst year of the pandemic, both consumer and producer prices haven't been in deationary territory at the same time since 2009, at the depths of the global nancial crisis.

July's negative consumer ination result was mainly driven by a drop in food prices from a year earlier, when food prices were pushed up by extreme weather conditions, a spokeswoman for China's statistics bureau said Wednesday. Prices of pork, a staple of Chinese dinner tables, plunged 26% in July from a year earlier. Vegetable prices also fell last month.

Even so, consumer ination isn't likely to pick up much this year, economists say. The reason is consumer condence, or rather the lack of it, as households continue to feel the lingering impact of three years of Covid uncertainty, regulatory uncertainty and ongoing concern about the health of the property market. The real-estate sector, one of China's main drivers of growth for decades, is in a deep funk, with fresh worries stoked this week by default concerns around one of China's biggest property developers.

Unlike many countries in the West, where government cash handouts to consumers during the pandemic fueled a spending boom on physical goods such as furniture and personal electronics, Beijing so far has oered no such direct support to its households.

On top of that, a renewed downturn in the housing market has curbed Chinese consumers' appetite for consumption, since many households have treated apartment units as their main store of wealth, and are highly sensitive to uctuations in home prices, said Wei Yao, chief China economist at Socit Gnrale.

"The problem is there's no obvious driver to power recovery at the moment," she said.

Even if consumer prices begin to pick up again, Chinese factory owners and exporters are likely to struggle with pricing power for some time, eroding their prot margins and hurting their willingness to expand production or hire more workers.

While producer price deation eased in July, the 4.4% drop was worse than 4.1% expected by economists polled by the Journal.

During the pandemic, many factories in China ramped up production to accommodate a surge of overseas orders. Now, as demand in the West fades, producers of automobiles, consumer goods and other products are being saddled with excess inventory, forcing many to slash prices to reduce stockpiles.

One manufacturer of robot vacuum cleaners based in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen is looking to sell more overseas, in part because domestic rivals are oering cheaper options and the sluggish recovery in consumer demand has eroded sales at home, according to a company executive.

The ultimate challenge for Chinese policy makers is how to forestall a self-reinforcing spiral in which a fall in prices leads to reduced production, lower wages and suppressed demand.

Economists expect China's central bank to lower interest rates further in the coming months, though many are skeptical that such moves alone can dispel deationary pressures.

That is because condence among businesses and households has been slow to recover, resulting in limited appetite for them to invest and spend more. Such an environment renders moderate stimulus measures largely ineective, argues Arthur Budaghyan, chief emerging markets strategist at BCA Research.

"The Chinese government has to do something very big to confront deation," he said. "I don't think they've done enough yet."