b. What conclusion can you draw about the evolution of the Anolis lizards based on Figure 3? (1) c. What is convergent evolution? Use evidence from the phylogenies in figure 3 to explain how the Anolis lizards are an example of this concept. (1) Module 2: Phylogeny Cuba Hispaniola a Crown-giant O Trunk-crown I Trunk Trunk-ground O Twig O Grass-bush P3 P1 Jamaica Puerto Rico P2 P3 P1 Figure 3: Lizard phylogenetic tree. Groups of related species that include a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor are referred to as clades. In this illustration, horizontal black lines connect clades on different islands. The island clades were established either by overwater dispersal or by ancient geological connections among islands. Colored lines represent the four islands. For ease of presentation, the Jamaican clade () and Puerto Rican clades (P1, P2, and P3) are shown separately. They fit into the phylogeny at the positions marked. The data show that in general, species on each island are more closely related to each other than to species on other islands, with few exceptions. For example, some species of lizards on Puerto Rico are more closely related to species on Hispaniola than to other species on Puerto Rico; this suggests that on rare occasions some lizard populations migrated from one island to another, perhaps carried there by hurricanes. (Image reproduced yith permission from Losos, B.J., and Ricklefs, RE. Adaptation and diversification on islands. 2009. Nature 457:834.) 6. Reviewing the Data a. How was relatedness determined in the phylogenetic tree shown in figure 3? (0.5) b. What conclusion can you draw about the evolution of the Anolis lizards based on Figure 3? (1) c. What is convergent evolution? Use evidence from the phylogenies in figure 3 to explain how the Anolis lizards are an example of this concept. (1) Module 2: Phylogeny Cuba Hispaniola a Crown-giant O Trunk-crown I Trunk Trunk-ground O Twig O Grass-bush P3 P1 Jamaica Puerto Rico P2 P3 P1 Figure 3: Lizard phylogenetic tree. Groups of related species that include a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor are referred to as clades. In this illustration, horizontal black lines connect clades on different islands. The island clades were established either by overwater dispersal or by ancient geological connections among islands. Colored lines represent the four islands. For ease of presentation, the Jamaican clade () and Puerto Rican clades (P1, P2, and P3) are shown separately. They fit into the phylogeny at the positions marked. The data show that in general, species on each island are more closely related to each other than to species on other islands, with few exceptions. For example, some species of lizards on Puerto Rico are more closely related to species on Hispaniola than to other species on Puerto Rico; this suggests that on rare occasions some lizard populations migrated from one island to another, perhaps carried there by hurricanes. (Image reproduced yith permission from Losos, B.J., and Ricklefs, RE. Adaptation and diversification on islands. 2009. Nature 457:834.) 6. Reviewing the Data a. How was relatedness determined in the phylogenetic tree shown in figure 3? (0.5)