Activity 1 For each situation, decide if it warrants inference for a (a) single proportion (one categorical variable), or (b) difference in proportions (two categorical variables) when considering Penn State Students. 1. Of all the students compare the proportion who have season football tickets to the proportion who do not have season football tickets. 2. Compare the proportion of in-state students to the proportion of out-ofstate students who listed Penn State as their first choice when selecting colleges. 3. Did a greater proportion of students indicate they were less stressed while taking an exam when comparing those who "did\" to those who "did not\" meditate five minutes before taking the exam? Penguin Study: Activity 2 and Activity 31,2 Penguins are excellent indicators of the state of health of marine ecosystems and thus make it possible to better understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Until now, most of the available data has been obtained by banding the penguin with a metal tag on the fiipper so that data can be obtained from a distance. However, the use of flipper bands does raise serious questions as they can have deleterious effects on the penguins which include injuring flipper tissues or increasing energy expenditure while swimming or fishing clue to the hydrodynamic drag effect on the flippers that the penguins :EnungiFdipper-Banded use to propel themselves. Such long-term practices could harm penguin populations which are already under threat from other environmental factors. This is the first study where one hundred king penguins had electronic tags implanted under their skin. By random assignment, half were also fitted with a flipper band such that 50 were banded and 50 were not banded. Over a ten-year period, differences in both survival rate and reproduction (breeding success} were examined when comparing the two groups. We will consider survival rates in this lab. lsaraux, C., et al., "Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change," Nature, January 2011; 469: 203206. tht s: www.5ciencedail .com releases 2011 01 110114155243.htm Activity 2: Normal-Based Inference from Summarized Data (Banding and Survival over ten- yearpeod) Research Question: Does the data suggest that the survival rate differs when comparing \"banded\" to "not banded" penguins? After ten years, researchers found 10 of the flipper banded penguins survived, as opposed to 18 who were not flipper-banded. Identify the explanatory variable and response variable. Use the provided summarized data to fill in Table 1. You will use this data in Activity 2 Table 1: Summarized Data in a 2x2 table Flipper Band Survived Did not survive Total Sample 1: Band l Sample 2: No Band 1. Below is a side-byside bar chart of the data. Descriptively what does this suggest when comparing the two groups of penguins regarding survival? Chart 1: Flipper Band, Survived (10 Year Period) so 4O 30 Count 20 1O 0 Survived Yes No Yes No Flipper Band Band No Band 2. Is the use of the normal distribution for inference appropriate here? Why or why not