Advantages a. It is more equitable. The broader shoulders are asked to carry the heavier burden. b. It satisfies the canon of productivity as it yields much more than it would under proportional taxation. c. It satisfies the canon of equity as it brings about an equality of sacrifice among the taxpayers. d. To some extent it reduces inequalities of wealth distribution. Disadvantages o The effect on incentives High progressive tax makes work and extra effort become less valuable. o The effect on the willingness to accept risk High marginal rates of tax are likely to make entrepreneurs less willing to undertake risks. o Effects on mobility Some financial inducement is usually required if people are to be asked to change their location, or undergo training, or accept promotion. Progressive taxation by reducing differentials is likely to have some effect on a persons willingness to any of the above. o Encourages tax avoidance and evasion. o Outflow of high achievers to other countries with lower Marginal tax rates

QUESTIONS

1.how are Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods.

2.how can ablastocyst provide Stem cells

3.explain in details theCell potency as exhibited to specialized cell types on varying ability of stem cells to differentiate

4.how are the adult tissue-specific stem cells of the . Stem cell plasticity able to switch to new identities.

5. _____________ is the process by which stem cells divide to make more stem cells.

6.on the location unfamiliar areas,how is the inherent ability of an animal to navigate towards an original position?

7.explain the analysis of the stem cells as applied in the primitive, immature cells that have a remarkable capacity to develop into different kinds of cells.

8.________ is the technique used to detect genetic disorders.explain

9.elaborate on thefirst derivation of a human ES cell line (SCNT-hES-1) by providing the margin of years

10.explainon thescope of degenerative sickness as applied in theHuman ES cells