Advocates tried to amend VAWA in order to allow tribal police to arrest non$-$Native people. This effort failed and tribes are still not allowed to arrest nonNative perpetrators under any circumstance.

Sometimes there is a total jurisdictional void in Indian country in$.$which literally no entity has jurisdiction over a crime.

Determining jurisdiction requires you to know the type of land a crime was committed upon $($e$.$g$.,$ state land, federal land$).$ The Dawes Act $($allotment$)$ made this process difficult in Indian country.

Public Law $280$ complicates jurisdiction in Indian country because it introduced the federal government as an entity that might exercise jurisdiction over a crime.

The nature of criminal jurisdiction in Indian country facilitates violence against Native women, especially by non$-$Native perpetrators.

Treaties signed by the U$.$S$.$ frequently affirmed the