After completing its capital spending for the year, Carlson Manufacturing has $1,100 extra cash. Carlsons managers must choose between investing the cash in Treasury bonds that yield 2 percent or paying the cash out to investors who would invest in the bonds themselves.

a.	If the corporate tax rate is 21 percent, what personal tax rate would make the investors equally willing to receive the dividend or to let Carlson invest the money? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.)

b.	Is the answer to (a) reasonable?
	Yes No

c.

Suppose the only investment choice is a preferred stock that yields 6 percent. The corporate dividend exclusion of 50 percent applies. What personal tax rate will make the stockholders indifferent to the outcome of Carlsons dividend decision? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)

d.	Is this a compelling argument for a low dividend-payout ratio?