After completing its capital spending for the year, Carlson Manufacturing has $1,900 of extra cash. The companys managers must choose between investing the cash in Treasury bonds that yield 2.9 percent or paying the cash out to investors who would invest in the bonds themselves.

a.	If the corporate tax rate is 24 percent, what personal tax rate would make the investors equally willing to receive the dividend or to let the company invest the money? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 32.)

b.	Is the answer to (a) reasonable?
	multiple choice 1 Yes No

c.

Suppose the only investment choice is a preferred stock that yields 5.1 percent. The corporate dividend exclusion of 50 percent applies. What personal tax rate will make the stockholders indifferent to the outcome of the companys dividend decision? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)

d.	Is this a compelling argument for a low dividend payout ratio?