After considering his family history of lung cancer and how smoking is impacting some of his physical activities, Johnny realizes he is ready to make some changes. He is willing to cut back from two packs of cigarettes per day to one pack per day at this point. He plans to do this over the next month, gradually smoking fewer cigarettes along the way.

What stage of change does this scenario depict? Question options:

a) pre-contemplation

b) contemplation

c) planning and preparation

d) action